In Le Fou d’Elsa (1963), Louis Aragon offers a reinterpretation of the Eastern myth of Leyli and Majnûn, recontextualisant it within the upheavals of the twentieth century. This rereading unfolds against a backdrop of political conflict, ideological disillusionment, and an intense crisis of spiritual bearings for the poet. Through this act of reappropriation, Aragon explores the potential of an ancestral narrative of mystical love to represent poetic resistance, rekindle collective memory, and nourish hope in the face of his era’s turmoil. This study examines how Aragon contemporizes the Sufi allegory of Leyli and Majnûn by embedding it within a poetic and political dynamic specific to his time. It aims to emphasize how absolute love becomes an aesthetic and symbolic force in the struggle against dehumanization, while also inspiring the feminine figure as a mediator of meaning and humanity. The approach is based on a comparative analysis between the classical version of the myth—as formulated by Jâmî in the 14th century—and its reinterpretation by Aragon. The study develops an intertextual reading grounded in the exchange between Eastern and Western poetic traditions. Aragon conceives a synthetic work where romantic lyricism, mystical imagination, and militant commitment converge. By placing the legacies of East and West in dialogue, the author endows this ancient myth with a renewed, universal, and profoundly human resonance. For Aragon, poetry thus becomes a space of resistance and transmission, and love—in its idealized form—stands as the final fortress against depression and forgetfulness.